Trouble for the Sweet Green of the South

Collard greens are a staple of southern cooking. Slow cooked with the salty flavor of ham hocks and served up with golden corn bread, collards make the perfect meal for a cool winter’s day. Collard greens belong to a group of loose-leaf cultivars (non-heading) of Brassica oleracea. Other members of Brassica oleracea include cabbage, broccoli, Brussels sprouts and cauliflower. These leafy greens are believed to have descended from Asian wild cabbages and eventually made their way into Europe where ancient Greeks and Romans grew the plants in domestic gardens over 2,000 years ago. When colonists settled in the New World, greens were a major part of any well-rounded vegetable garden. In the South, collards were abundant and cheap and quickly became a main ingredient in soul food inspired dishes that southerners still enjoy today.

Lately, we have seen quite a few collard and cabbage samples in the clinic. This season, white mold has been quite prevalent in both home gardens and commercial fields. White mold is caused by the soil-borne fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. This disease is favored by cool, wet conditions and most infections occur in late winter to early spring. Early symptoms of the disease are tan, water-soaked, circular areas on the leaves or crown. These areas quickly become covered in fluffy white fungal growth, followed by a watery breakdown of infected tissue. Eventually, the fungus completely colonizes the head and produces large, black, seed-like structures called sclerotia.

White mold (Photo: E. Lookabaugh)

Sclerotia can survive in the soil for many years. Cool, wet conditions trigger the sclerotia to germinate. Sclerotia can germinate to form mycelium that directly infects plant tissue, or to produce small cup-shaped apothecia (fruiting bodies). These small, mushroom-like apothecia are most likely to form when the sclerotia have been exposed to cold, saturated soil for several weeks. They produce millions of ascospores that can be windblown to nearby plants and infect.

Germinated sclerotia with mushroom-like apothecia (Photo: H.D. Shew)

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum has a very wide host range and can attack over 350 species of plants. Common vegetable hosts include cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, lettuce, pepper, bean, pea, potato, and tomato. Field crop hosts include sunflower, canola (rapeseed), and soybeans. Additionally, several species of weeds are hosts, including ragweed, dandelion, wild clover, vetch, common chickweed, and pigweed.

Sclerotinia on field grown broccoli (Photo: B. Shew)

Controlling white mold can be difficult and requires an integrated approach. Maintain good air circulation by using proper plant spacing and selecting varieties that have minimal leaf overlap between adjacent plants. Maintain good soil drainage by planting in raised beds. Planting susceptible plants in areas with a history of white mold is not recommended. Rotate with non-susceptible plants such as small grains (rye, wheat), corn, beets, onion, and spinach to prevent inoculum build-up. Only very long rotations (4 years or more) will be helpful in areas with high inoculum levels. Practice good weed control strategies to remove weedy hosts from the area. Planting a small grain as a winter cover crop may help to exclude winter weed hosts. Deep plowing or turning of the soil can be useful because sclerotia typically do not germinate at soil depths greater than 5 cm. This is only effective for one year as subsequent tillage will bring the sclerotia back up to the soil surface. Avoid spreading the fungus with equipment or on infected planting material. When practical, remove infected plants by bagging and burning or disposing of offsite. Do not place infected plants in nearby cullpiles as these can become sources of inoculum. Avoid overhead irrigation and use subsurface irrigation when possible. There are no chemical control options for the home gardener. A few products are available to commercial producers, but correct timing of sprays is critical for successful control. See the Ag Chemical Manual for more information on chemical and cultural control of this disease.

For information on Sclerotinia-caused diseases of other hosts, see our previous blog post.

For information on another disease of collards, see our post on black rot.

Sample of the Week: Sclerotinia Stem Rot of Snapdragon

Drooping snapdragons in flower bed. Jan 23, 2012.

Sclerotinia stem rot (a.k.a. Sclerotinia blight) is a disease we seldom see in ornamentals in North Carolina. The case pictured above is only the second time I've seen it from a landscape ornamental in the last three years. The cause is a cool-weather-loving fungus called Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Although it can infect a wide range of host plants, it's best known for the damage it does on many vegetable crops. In our state the primary victim is collards, on which the disease is known as "head rot". Cabbage, lettuce, and strawberry are affected occasionally. It would be very unusual to see this disease after mid-May in North Carolina. Note that the related fungi Sclerotinia minor (the cause of Sclerotinia blight on peanuts) and Sclerotinia homeocarpa (the cause of dollar spot on turf) are comfortable with somewhat warmer temperatures.

Stem lesions and visible white mold, evidence
of the causal fungus, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

Diseases caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum are sometimes called "white mold" because of the fluffy white mycelium of the fungus that grows on affected plant parts under humid conditions.The fungus also wads itself into small, dark, hard lumps called sclerotia, which allow it to survive from season to season in the soil. It would be unwise to plant snapdragon next fall in the pictured flower bed, even if an effort is made to clean up and remove the diseased plant material. You'd also want to avoid planting flowering kale - a collard relative. There is no effective chemical control for this disease in the landscape.

Because the fungus produces airborne spores, it can sometimes even blow into greenhouses and cause stem rots on ornamentals and "collar rot" on tobacco. This is one reason it's so important to avoid leaving piles of dead plant material in and around greenhouses. Of course diseased plant material should never be composted, in this case because of the durability of the sclerotia.


Nota bene! Ojo! Vorsicht! This disease is completely different from Southern blight (Southern stem blight) caused by the unrelated fungus Sclerotiuim rolfsii. The scientific names of the fungi are confusingly similar, both cause stem rots, and both produce visible white mycelium on the plant, but there are key differences. Southern blight occurs from late spring through the heat of summer, not in the winter and early spring. Also, the mature sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii are tiny, round, and tan-colored (rather like radish seeds), whereas those of Sclerotinia are somewhat larger, irregular in shape, and black. Both kinds are white on the inside when cut open, and both take longer to form than the mycelium itself.

Above: Sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
(Photo: PP Dept. Slide Collection)

Above: Sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii