Proud Papa - Twice in One Month!

As I revel (quite sleepily) in the fact that I have a new little daughter, I am also very happy that my other babies from a clinic sample have been "born". Since I started this position I have been watching a trunk section of arborvitae (Thuja sp.; 'Green Giant' variety) that was submitted from Holly Springs (Wake Co.) following the decline and death of some trees.

Affected arborvitae (Thuja sp.) along the road.

When I first saw the section I observed a few large holes - about 1/4 inch in diameter - in the top with sawdust being pushed from them. This was clearly a boring insect, but was it a metallic wood borer (Buprestidae), longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae), or something else? Turns out, after prying some of the bark back, there were several large (up to 3/4 inch), legless larvae boring just under the surface. The larvae were very clearly weevils (Curculionidae), but what species?

Weevil larvae preserved for future study.

Because larval weevils are nearly impossible to identify, it was my goal to rear the larvae until they emerged as adults so I could then identify them. I waited...and waited...and waited. Some beetles (under the right conditions) can exist as larvae in wood for decades and even up to 50 (!) years - I wasn't going to wait that long. Fortunately, after removing a little more bark some weeks later I found pupae. Finally, adults in progress! A week or so later and I had adults which I identified as the cypress weevil (Eudociminus mannerheimii (Boheman)).

Cypress weevil (Eudociminus mannerheimii) showing life stages and damage.

This fairly large weevil (10-17 mm) is known from a few hosts, especially baldcypress (Taxodium distichum), but also Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), Leyland cypress (Cupressocyparis leylandii), and arborvitae (Thuja sp.). It's biology appears to be similar to the related pine regeneration weevils, Hylobius pales (Herbst) and Pachylobius picivorus (Germar). The beetles lay eggs on weakened or dying trees and the larvae burrow beneath the bark before creating a deeper hole to pupate in. Adults appear to emerge in the Spring and will feed on the bark of small, green branches. Because they generally attack already-declining trees they are not always the main issue. However, this sample had so many weevils in one small section that I believe they were a major factor causing health issues for the trees. Follow the links below to read more about this weevil and learn about management practices. In the mean time I am going to smoke my proverbial cigar and curate these specimens to go into the NCSU Insect Museum which only had four total specimens!

LINKS:
NCSU Entomology Insect Note on Eudociminus mannerheimii
UF Featured Creatures on Eudociminus mannerheimii

Be on the Lookout for Cedar Apple Rust

Most of us who live in the triangle are hoping for rains to wash away the yellow film of pollen coating our cars, houses, and sidewalks. Spring rains also jump start the most bizarre life-stage of cedar apple rust, a common disease that affects apple trees (and crab apples) and eastern red cedar trees.

Galls on cedar (Photo: H.D. Shew)

The cedar apple rust pathogen (Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae) requires two hosts and four spore stages to complete its complex life cycle. On cedar trees, the most obvious signs of infection are firm brown galls, which are about the size of a golf ball and are usually found scattered on the tree’s branches and twigs. After a heavy rain, the galls produce striking bright orange gelatinous horns, which are composed of millions of spores called teliospores. In dry periods, the horns can be seen as short spikes covering the galls. If you find a gall with dried horns, cut it out of the tree, place it in a glass of water and watch over the next few hours as the horns expand.

Gall with dry telial horns (Photo: H.D. Shew)

The cycle of wetting and drying can continue several times during the spring, and in each cycle the teliospores germinate and give rise to another spore type, called basidiospores. These basidiospores are forcibly discharged into the air and are wind-blown to nearby apple trees.

 Apple leaves and fruit are most likely to be infected when they are wet and temperatures range from 46 to 75 F. Yellow to orange spots are produced on the upper surface of the apple leaves one to two weeks after infection. The spots on leaves may be raised or swollen and infected fruit may be slightly distorted. Small black dots within the lesions signal the production of the next spore type, the pycniospores (also called spermatia). One to two months later, fringed cup-shaped structures (aecia) appear on the underside of the apple leaves and these contain aeciospores, yet another spore type.

The aeciospores are windblown to cedar trees in late summer to early fall, where they germinate and infect to produce galls. The galls produce teliospores in the second year after infection, completing the life cycle. G. juniperi-virginianae survives in the gall tissue for only two years. After its second year, the spore producing year, the pathogen dies in the gall tissue. On apples, the pathogen survives only a few months, just long enough to produce the aeciospores that infect cedar trees.

Symptoms on apple (Photo: E.C. Lookabaugh)

Cedar apple rust causes only minor damage to cedar trees from twig dieback. Damage to apple is more significant and can result severe defoliation and fruit blemishes. Since this pathogen requires both hosts to complete its life cycle, control can be achieved by eliminating one host from the surrounding area, although oftentimes eradication is not feasible or desirable. Additional control measures include the use of disease-resistant apple cultivars, properly timed fungicide applications on apple, and removal of cedar galls before spring rains.

Check out this cool video of telial horns expanding (Video: Arlene Mendoza-Moran)

More information about the 2013 strawberry virus outbreak

Many of you probably have seen an article in today's Raleigh News and Observer about virus problems in this year's strawberry crop. The Plant Disease and Insect Clinic has received several strawberry samples with virus problems in the past few months.

Here are some comments from Dr. Frank Louws, Extension Specialist for Strawberry Diseases in NCSU's Department of Plant Pathology about the strawberry virus situation:

This link will take you to an excellent article from Dr. Chuck Johnson at Virginia Tech about this year's strawberry virus outbreak. All the information for Virginia is true for NC and other states with this problem. The main question growers ask is: “What can we expect in yields?”. We have only limited experience with these viruses in our annual systems. However, we had a case of Strawberry Mild Yellow Edge Virus (SMYEV) in 2004, as shown below in Sweet Charlie plants photographed at full harvest. About 25 to 30% of the plants were affected by the virus and the virus dramatically affected plant growth and yield, as seen in the picture. This year, two viruses, SMYEV and Strawberry Mottle Virus (SMoV), have been diagnosed from problem fields. We do not know how these viruses will affect crop yields in 2013, but some reductions are expected. Specific recommendations for dealing with this problem can be found in Dr. Johnson’s article. With good management, this problem should not recur in future years. 

Leptoxyphium, an Unusual Sooty Mold

Ornamental sweetpotato leaves with sooty mold at the petiole/blade junction

The sooty mold Leptoxyphium on the underside of an ornamental sweetpotato leaf

This blog is going to be a bit more technical than many of my posts, but I hope you'll find it interesting. A recent sample of ornamantal sweetpotato leaves from a greenhouse showed dark fungal growth at the top of the petiole and on the upper and lower surface of the leaf, just at the point of petiole attachment. The colonies could be scraped off easily, which is typical of sooty molds. The fungus was sporulating freely, with conidia (asexual spores) produced in drops of liquid at the tops of dark synnemata (tiny columns of fungal hyphae).

Synnemata of Leptoxyphium sp. on sweetpotato leaf

Top of a synnema of Leptoxyphium, at 400x

Using Seifert & Okada's key to synnematous hyphomycete genera in the 2011 book "The Genera of Hyphomycetes", the identification was made to the genus Leptoxyphium. The name means "slender sword" in English, possibly referring to the shape of the synnemata, but it is interesting that there are also awl-shaped (subulate) cells around the fringe of the spore-bearing area. This genus is also described on pp. 777-782 of Stanley Hughes's 1976 paper "Sooty Molds" (Mycologia 68(4): 693-820). Leptoxyphium species are a tropical to subtropical sooty molds, and rather unusual in that they often grow in association with glands and glandular trichomes of plants, rather than on insect honeydew. The good news for the greenhouse producer is that while it is an asethetic issue, this fungus is not going to harm the plants.

Meet Our New Vegetable Pathologist

Hello, my name is Lina Quesada (pronounced Lena Kesada in case you were wondering). On March 1st of 2013 I joined the Department of Plant Pathology at North Carolina State University as an Assistant Professor and Extension Specialist for vegetable pathology. I am originally from Bogota, Colombia (not Columbia!) and came to the US in 2006 to work on late blight of potato at the Ohio State University.

Shortly after that I moved to Lansing, Michigan and started a PhD in Plant Pathology at Michigan State University working with Phytophthora capsici, an important pathogen of cucurbits and solanaceous crops. While working on my PhD I fell in love with the boy in the lab next door and married him on 2010, the same year I finished my PhD.

I stayed at MSU and did a postdoc working on cucurbit downy mildew and bacterial canker of tomato. After that I did another postdoc working on corn postharvest diseases caused by Fusarium, a soilborne pathogen that can also affect sweetpotatoes and vegetables. My husband and I moved to NC a few weeks ago and have really enjoyed this beautiful state and its kind people. I am very excited to be here and have the opportunity to work with the clinic and all of you during the next few years to address challenges you have with vegetable diseases. If you need to contact me my information can be found here.  You can follow me on Twitter, Facebook or LinkedIN if you wish and I am in the process of making a lab website that will be posted to the link I just provided to quickly disseminate any findings or materials produced by my program.

The New Bug Guy

Hello everyone! My name is Matt Bertone and I am the new entomologist for the Plant Disease & Insect Clinic. I will be taking over for the now-retired Dave Stephan, a great entomologist with years of encyclopedic knowledge who will not be easily replaced. I do hope to follow in his footsteps, however, and to learn as much as I can about the insects and other animals that affect the daily lives of North Carolinians. But first, let me tell you a little bit about myself.

I was born up North (don’t hold it against me) and lived most of my formative years in Pennsylvania. From a young age I was obsessed with the natural world (see below photo). It started with the usuals like dinosaurs and such, but quickly turned into a passion for insects, spiders and other creepy-crawlers¹. They were so strange and diverse that there was always something amazing to learn.

Only the nerdiest kids know how to draw
a microscope in kindergarten.

After high school I entered college at Salisbury University on the Eastern Shore of Maryland. I had a great time there and took as many zoology courses as I could. There I met many great scientists and was introduced to research studies and continuing to graduate school. I was not aware of the universities that had entomology programs and applied to NCSU on a whim after seeing one of my colleague’s certificates from the department. After applying I was very happy to be accepted and had no idea how wonderful the area, school and people were going to be.

In 2001 I started my master’s work on dung beetles (Scarabaeidae & Geotrupidae) inhabiting cattle pastures in the Piedmont (Salisbury, NC) and coastal plains (Goldsboro, NC) under the advisement of Dr. Wes Watson. The project was great. I was introduced to a charismatic group of insects, researching their seasonality, abundance and diversity, and performing experiments to show how they help fertilize different soils. I was also happy to participate in extension work, since teaching in any format is another passion of mine.

A rolling dung beetle (Melanocanthon bispinatus)
from North Carolina.

In 2004 I began my PhD work under Dr. Brian Wiegmann on the evolution of true flies (Diptera), one of the most underappreciated – yet extremely diverse – groups of animals. I used genetics to see how different groups of the more “primitive” flies, like mosquitoes and midges, were related to one another. It was eye opening to learn the things flies do and I could (and may well in the future) go on and on about them. Needless to say, I found another group to love².

The elephant mosquito (Toxorhynchites), a large and distinctively blue fly, 

is one of the few beneficial mosquitoes. Larvae eat other mosquito larvae and adults do not bite. This male was sucking goldenrod nectar in Garner, North Carolina.

Following my degrees I have worked on various projects including a computer-readable glossary for the anatomy of wasps, bees and ants (Hymenoptera) and a citizen science project on the arthropods (insects, spiders and relatives) that are found in Triangle homes (a project through NCSU and the NC Museum of Natural Sciences).

Now I’m here in the clinic! I am very excited to help people find out what little leggy things are on their plants, eating their crops, and inside their homes. Please feel free to send photos or specimens to the clinic. I will do my best to get an ID, so that a specialist can recommend the proper action. All said, I hope to serve science and the citizens of North Carolina well in this position!

Other facts about me:

• I am a huge (literally and figuratively) insect geek, competing in many insect quiz bowls (Linnaean Games) during my time at NCSU
• I am an avid insect macrophotographer (my Flickr) and graphic designer
• I enjoy music, movies, games and cooking
• Last but certainly not least, I have an amazing wife and daughter, and a baby on the way (as well as two dogs)

¹ I also love reptiles, amphibians, fish, and many other groups of organisms (even plants!)
² I highly suggest anyone interested in flies read Harold Oldroyd’s captivating tales in The Natural History of Flies – it is very easy to read except for some scientific names (which you can just pretend are like the variously named creatures from Tolkien or Dr. Seuss!)

Entomologist David Stephan to Retire

(Special thanks to Dr. Jack Bacheler, whose words formed the nucleus of this blog.) 

David Stephan, circa August 1973

After almost 40 years, David Stephan will step down from his position as the Entomology Specialist for the Plant Disease and Insect Clinic. Dave has been responsible for the identification of all insects, spiders, mites, and many other kinds of pests submitted to the Clinic by the public, extension agents, consultants, pest management companies, and researchers. Dave developed a reputation for being able to identify anything dead or alive that walks, digs, flies or swims. He was often called upon to identify the cause of arthropod plant damage even in the absence of physical remains of a pest.

Also a competent herpetologist, Dave additionally carried out a number of special identification and research projects with NCSU faculty, other scientists and students; worked closely with personnel from the NCSU Insect Museum; and was extensively involved with homeowner and agent training in the identification of insects and other arthropods. He was a regular presenter on satellite (later internet) training sessions broadcast several times a year to Cooperative Extension Agents and Master Gardener Volunteers.

David Stephan, April 2011

Dave's knowledge is not only broad, but deep. Beyond being able to identify many "critters", as he calls them, he also knows their life cycles and natural history. He has spent thousands of hours on the phone explaining insects and what they can and cannot do. We celebrate with Dave that he'll now have more time to spend in his beloved outdoors and doing the sorts of entomological taxonomy he enjoys, without the pressures of the clinic.

Beyond his formidable technical skills, Dave's diversity of interests and talents will be missed in the PDIC. Without Dave's black belt in the art of bad puns, the clinic will be a safer but duller place. He is a connoisseur of weather, of new words, of motion pictures, and of science fiction, particularly the Star Trek and Babylon 5 series. In spare moments we've chatted about everything from Broadway show tunes to the refractive index of diamonds. His is a mind that makes connections.

Last week, colleagues old and new joined to thank Dave for his many contributions to the Plant Disease and Insect Clinic, the Entomology Department, the North Carolina State University Extension Service and to the citizens of North Carolina. Since a replacement entomologist has not yet been hired, there will be a period of time during which insect identification services will not be available at the clinic. Please see the announcement on our home page for details.

Dave, don't forget: live long and prosper.

Is your heater hurting your tomato plants?

Tomato pollution damage (Photo: E. Lookabaugh)

Winter may have finally arrived, and with it, a serious issue for greenhouse growers. Over the past few weeks, the Plant Disease and Insect Clinic has received several tomato samples showing symptoms of pollution damage. The most common greenhouse pollutant is ethylene. Ethylene is an odorless, colorless gas which acts as a plant hormone. Ethylene is a growth regulator in plants, and excess ethylene is harmful to greenhouse crops. Tomatoes are particularly sensitive to ethylene and other pollutants like propane. Repeated exposure to very small amounts (0.01 ppm) over several days or exposure to higher amounts (1 ppm) for several hours can result in injury. 

Tomato pollution damage, twisted leaves (Photo: E. Lookabaugh)

The most common symptoms of ethylene exposure on tomatoes are epinasty (a downward bending of growth that causes plants to appear droopy even though they are not wilted), flower drop, and twisting of the upper leaves. 

Tomato pollution damage, pale leaf spots (Photo: E. Lookabaugh)

Tomato plants exposed to high levels of propane gas can have superficial stem lesions on one side of the plant (the side that faces the heating system) and leaves with tan to white lesions between the veins. Tomatoes will usually recover once they are no longer exposed to pollutants.

Tomato pollution damage, stem lesions, flower death/ drop (Photo: E. Lookabaugh)

Tomato pollution damage, superficial stem lesions (Photo: E. Lookabaugh)

Tomato pollution damage, stem lesions
and flower drop (Photo: E. Lookabaugh)

Faulty heating systems are usually the cause of pollution damage. The major causes of gaseous pollutants in a greenhouse system include dirty or improperly adjusted heating units, cracked heat exchangers, leaky gas lines, chronic use of unvented heaters, and exhaust from combustion engines. Pollutants can build up in the greenhouse when temperatures are borderline, causing heaters to kick on and off many times during the night. Exhaust from heaters that are not vented properly will lead to a build-up of incompletely combusted gases. Additionally, the any exhaust remaining in the exhaust pipe will flow back into the greenhouse. Alternatively, if nights are very cold and the heater runs a lot, insufficient oxygen feed can result in incomplete combustion and pollution damage.

Here are a couple of solutions to pollution issues in your greenhouse system.

1. Under cold conditions when ventilation systems are shut down, make sure the heater has access to a sufficient supply of oxygen. The grower may need to add an air intake source that feeds the heater.
2. Make sure pollutants are properly exhausted. If there is a crack in the heater or exhaust pipes, pollutants will remain in the greenhouse. There should be a small fan in the exhaust pipe that blows for about 20 seconds after the heater (and the heater fan) shuts off to be sure all pollutants exit the exhaust pipe. In a "vent-free" system, the first and last puffs of air should be exhausted because "vent free" heaters are 99% efficient except when they start and stop.

For more information on ethylene damage: click here 
For more information on faulty heaters: click here